Introduction: One of the most important goals of the third millennium is to promote gender equality. This means that women should have equal opportunities to develop their talents. But the statistical evidence clearly shows continuous significant differences at the level of education, health and, most importantly, income between developing and developing countries. Economists have proposed different theories and models to explain the reasons for the GAP between developing and developed countries. These theories attribute the GAPs to institutional factors such as education and health. Therefore, given that gender POVERTY is inherent, understanding the corresponding interactions is essential to designing and implementing policies that help reduce the gender GAP and free women from POVERTY. New institutionalists believe that an institutional change affect their choices and, consequently, the economic performance of the society in the long run by changing the motivational structure of individuals. Among various institutional factors, democracy along with factors such as physical capital and human capital seem to play prominent roles in the process of development and POVERTY reduction of countries. Explaining the concept of democracy, Jeremy Bentham states that each member of the society should be considered as one person. In fact, the basic premise of democracy is the participation of citizens in decision-making and the equality of all the members of the society, far from gender GAPs. Accordingly, it seems that the democratic or authoritarian nature of the ruling structure can be a significant factor in determining the status of development and POVERTY. Many political scolars have tried to prove the hypothesis that development increases the demand for maximizing political rights. Indeed, the traditional argument that development paves the way for democracy was first put forward by Seymour Martin Lip set et al (1959) and then by Rueschmeyer et al. (1992), Daya Mond (1992), Lip set et al. (1993). According to this argument, high welfare promotes democratic institutions and moderates social contradictions by creating a broad middle class and eliminating social GAPs. According to this view, the realization of democracy is related to the level of economic development, and a country is likely to achieve democracy when it has undergone stages of economic development or its citizens have received a certain level of education. It is also claimed that the factors that contributed to the rise of democratic regimes in the 1970s and 1980s, most of which were authoritarian, were the high levels of economic recovery that led to the expansion of literacy, education, and urbanization to the middle class. It strengthened pro-democracy values ​​and behaviors. Democracy is based on the luxury of goods and can only be used after the difficult task of development has been completed. In the opposite view that democracy is the agent of development, a group of thinkers such as Amartya Sen emphasize that freedom and democracy are parts of development. It has been also pointed out that sustainable economic growth occurs only in democracies, and that democracy is a factor in the elimination of gender GAPs and the better functioning of the economy. Methodology: In the present study, a comparative analysis is performed of POVERTY reduction through education, income and health GAP indicators with an emphasis on democracy. It is done by examining the two perspectives raised during the period 20-20-2004 and using the panel soft transfer threshold (PSTR) approach. The questions to answer are ‘Can differences between men and women in terms of wages, education, and life expectancy considering the system of democracy and autocracy in countries with a very high human development index have an impact on POVERTY reduction? ’ and ‘In which category of countries is this effect greater? ’ Results and Discussion: According to the obtained results, the variables of educational GAP, income and health have positive relationships with the POVERTY GAP index in both groups of the studied countries. The coefficients of variables in countries with very high human development index are close to zero. According to the ranking of this group of countries in terms of human development, the values of these coefficients are justified. Also, the coefficients of variables of the type of government system in both groups of countries have no effect on the difference between the study groups. Conclusion: The main factor in reducing POVERTY is reaching the desired level of development, which means rejecting the view that democracy is the factor of development. In addition to the fact that the traditional structure in developing societies can always create many obstacles such as traditionalism, conservatism and self-righteousness, in the path of political development, the accelerated movement of modernization has also created GAPs in the society such as generation GAP and identity crisis. Therefore, in general, the main factor in reducing the POVERTY GAP in a country is the improvement of economic and development indicators, including gender, education, income and health GAPs, once the GAP indicators are improved, democracy will follow.

Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

The POVERTY measurement and its determinants are most important factors in POVERTY alleviation programs. In this survey, we estimate POVERTY line by using An Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System. This study used household data from the Statistics Center of Iran during the period of 1998-2009. We examine the main determinants of POVERTY GAP and the chance of being POVERTY for urban and rural households by Hechman model estimation.The results of Probit model revealed that age, level of educational attainment and the main activity of the head of the household, literacy rate of the household, Household size and ICT indices are the main determinants of chance of being poor. Also the results of OLS model show that Literacy rate and ratio of employees of the household, gender and level of educational attainment of the head of the household and source of income of the household are the main determinants of POVERTY GAP.

The first step in the fight against POVERTY and exclusion, is awareness of the situation of POVERTY. In considering this issue In the present study, Using household income and expenditure statistics studied for measuring POVERTY in rural and urban areas of iran during 2009-1989. To achieve this purpose, after the introduction of the definition of POVERTY and its and review of previous studies, Issues of POVERTY measurement and calculation of POVERTY and also it is presented the introduces of methods used in this study is presented. To obtain the absolute POVERTY line, food POVERTY line approach based on minimum basic needs are calculated and added to the minimum non-food requirements. The results indicate that:In the period under review, POVERTY eradication programs, POVERTY reduction in urban areas than in rural areas were more successful,The absolute POVERTY lines in urban areas has been more than in rural areas has been,Absolute POVERTY rate and POVERTY GAP in rural areas has been more than in urban areas,Indicator of absolute POVERTY in urban areas since 1385 and in rural areas since 1384 has been rising.

In this paper, relative POVERTY will be noted to and, based on utilitarian approach and using Linear Expenditure System, a POVERTY line is estimated for urban and rural households. Then, head count ratio, POVERTY GAP and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index will be calculated and analyzed. The results represent that, at the first half of this study, the POVERTY indicators have almost downward trend, while there is a rise for POVERTY indicators at the second half. Therefore, more attention, continuous monitoring and efforts for POVERTY alleviation will be recommended.

In order to determine the role of the US withdrawal from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) in 2018 in the evolution and change of the POVERTY framing, this study analyzes how POVERTY is framed in two categories of specialized (including leadership, Dolat, Mizan, Icana) and general websites (including Fars, Moj and Young Journalists Club) during 2017, 2018 and 2019. For this, it uses Framing as a theory, and the technique of Pan and Kosicki’s Frame analysis as a research method. Findings are categorized in four groups as syntactical, script, thematic, and rhetorical. The review indicates that 42,302 news and reports are distributed in these websites in the research period that 275 were identified as samples and recorded and analyzed in Maxquda software. The results show that, except for the Young Journalists Club, the way POVERTY is framed has changed on all cases since the imposition of sanctions, and sanctions highlighted as one of the main causes of POVERTY in the framing of POVERTY. In regard of agenda setting, the coverage of POVERTY news and reports is less than 10%; the POVERTY news coverage has been declining over the three years under study. The websites of Leadership and Moj have the largest coverage, and Young Journalists Club has the least amount (less than 1%) of coverage. Due to his type of agenda setting, the problem of POVERTY is marginalized in public opinion. The framing of POVERTY with emphasis on the US withdrawal from JCPA as the cause of POVERTY represent POVERTY as a temporary issue, silences the voice of the poor, and depicts the emergence of a new social form in Iranian society.

Extended AbstractIntroduction: Cities have many challenges, but it can be said that the problem that threatens them is weak. The existence of POVERTY in cities leads to the occurrence of social and economic issues and causes the stability and development of these cities to be created with problems. For example, POVERTY can lead to unemployment, homelessness, crime, and increased disease rates. Therefore, eliminating POVERTY in cities plays a very important role in creating healthy and sustainable societies. Due to population growth and the influx of Afghan immigrants in recent years, some neighborhoods in District 11 of Isfahan municipality have experienced POVERTY due to inequality and unfair distribution of services and facilities. In order to organize the current situation and overcome the existing conditions, the spatial distribution of POVERTY spots must first be identified and then, with regular planning, this problem can be solved to prevent the consequences of POVERTY at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to analyze the spatial distribution of urban POVERTY indicators in the 11th district of the municipality and the social GAP among the residents of this neighborhood.Materials & Methods: The research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Based on the data of the statistical block of the 11th district of Isfahan municipality, hotspot analysis and Moran's spatial autocorrelation were performed in the GIS environment. Excel software was used for urban POVERTY indicators. SPS software is used for the factor analysis of the defined indicators.Results & Discussion: The results showed that weak in the 11th region of Isfahan municipality has a cluster distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation. According to the zoning, the parts of the center, east, northeast, and parts of the southeast and south. The west is surrounded by poor and very poor blocks, and in the north, northwest and west parts of region 11, there are very prosperous and prosperous blocks. However, in district 11 of Isfahan municipality, we see a class divide. On the other hand, I can say that having poor space in the 11th district of Isfahan city follows the characteristic pattern, in such a way that as we approach from the south to the north and from the east to the west, the POVERTY be decreases.Conclusion: Some social and cultural values can perpetuate POVERTY and social inequality, and people in POVERTY may have different beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that exacerbate their economic problems. In addition to individual and social factors, institutional factors such as housing policies, zoning laws, and land use regulations can also play a role in the spatial distribution of POVERTY and social inequality in urban areas. For example, discriminatory housing policies can lead to the concentration of low-income individuals in specific areas, while deprivation zoning policies can limit their access to affordable housing and employment opportunities. Today, POVERTY exists in various dimensions of human life and has brought with it problems and challenges. Therefore, in order to reduce POVERTY and implement human and sustainable development, it is essential to identify scientific and specialized methods, the geography of POVERTY-stricken areas, and important indicators in this field. The successful implementation of strategies and policies to reduce POVERTY requires the identification of all factors and needs of residents in the geographical area affected by this problem, so that programs can be developed to reduce POVERTY and improve conditions. This research contributes to the development of knowledge in the field of POVERTY and urban social planning. Its results can provide the necessary information to make decisions in addressing the urban poor problem.Finally, the following recommendations are proposed to improve the current conditions in District 11 of Isfahan city:Implementing neighborhood-based projects to achieve sustainable urban redevelopment with people's participation.Establishing neighborhood development offices to identify the specific problems of each neighborhood and provide solutions.Conducting research on POVERTY with the support and participation of organizations such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and municipal authorities to align their results and find the best solution to address urban POVERTY.Considering that the main reason for the migration of native residents of District 11 is the presence of Afghan immigrants in this area, and as a result, many social problems have arisen, it is essential to address this issue with appropriate policies; otherwise, we will face more serious problems between native residents and Afghan immigrants in the future.Providing facilities and loans for renovation and reconstruction in the area, especially in the central, eastern, and northeast parts.Creating social justice for the use of facilities.Improving environmental conditions in District 11 of Isfahan, especially in the Sajjad Square neighborhood, which has an unfavorable situation. Municipal officials can address the environmental problems of this area by creating parks and green spaces, paving the streets, removing environmental pollution, collecting garbage, and organizing the vacant lands.Creating a space for the education of working children, supporting them, and providing suitable employment opportunities for them.Improving the physical condition of the area through redevelopment programs, and more.

The study of POVERTY and income in equality are the most important subjects of social/ economic research in agriculture sector. The present study focuses on POVERTY and income inequality among pistachio growers in Kerman province. Absolute POVERTY line, relative POVERTY line, POVERTY GAP and intensity were calculated. Also income distribution was investigated using Ginny coefficient, Lorenz curve and income distribution index. The statistical community was all pistachio producers in Kerman province. Data collected through personally interviewing of 200 producer, using multi-stage cluster random sampling, during 2012-2015 cropping years. The results showed that absolute POVERTY line for pistachio growers in Kerman province was 24000000 (10 Rials) while, relative POVERTY line was 64922675(10 Rials), annually. Results also indicated that 30 percent of farmers were suffering from absolute POVERTY while, 57 percent from relative POVERTY. Income GAP for poor pistachio growers under absolute POVERTY was 0. 48, but for poor pistachio growers under relative POVERTY was 0. 60. According to Lorenz curve, Ginny coefficient of 0. 66 and income distribution index, it can be concluded that there is an un-fair income distribution among pistachio growers in study area. Finally supporting capital availability specially for small scale poor farmers through low interest credit, production subsidies and national development funds is suggested.

The Impact of micro-credits on household’s POVERTY GAP is considered as one of the most important social and economic issues. In this research, the socio- economic characteristics of the borrowing households are identified by using a Logit model, based on the urban and rural household budget survey data for 2011. Then, the impact of micro-credits on POVERTY GAP of poor households is examined by estimating regression models. The result of the Probit analysis indicates that the coefficients of the age of household head, employment of the household head, household size, and urbanization are significantly positively related to households’ access to credit. However, the coefficient of household expenditure is negatively related to households’ access to credit. This implies that the low-income household is more likely to have not access to micro-credits. Also, the regression analysis shows that the access to micro-credits is not a significant explanatory variable for POVERTY GAP of the poor households. This indicates the micro-credits has no impact on the POVERTY reduction of the poor households.

The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the factors affecting POVERTY in the provinces of Iran and specifically to focus on analyzing the effect of tax complexity and fairness. For this purpose, the POVERTY GAP index was calculated for 31 provinces from 2011-2020 using raw household income-expenditure data. Then, using the dynamic panel data method and GMM estimator, the research model was estimated for urban and rural areas. Calculating the POVERTY index indicates that the POVERTY GAP in rural areas (with an average of 38.62 Percent) is larger than in urban areas (with an average of 24.50 Percent). The estimation results in urban and rural areas confirm the phrase "POVERTY brings POVERTY." Tax fairness in both regions harms the POVERTY GAP, and the effect size in rural areas is more than three times that of urban areas. Increasing the tax system's complexity in urban areas is detrimental to the poor, and in rural areas, it is beneficial to the poor. Inflation in both regions has an undesirable effect on POVERTY, and of course, in terms of effectiveness, the rate of its undesirable effect on POVERTY in rural areas is more than double that of urban areas. The increase in urbanization increases POVERTY in urban areas, and the increase in rural population reduces rural POVERTY. Also, by moving towards goods-oriented production activities and increasing its share and weight compared to service-oriented production activities, POVERTY will decrease in urban and rural areas, and the size of the favorable effect of this factor on POVERTY in rural areas is almost three times that of urban areas. On this basis, POVERTY alleviation economic policies with a greater focus on rural households than urban households should be used to reduce POVERTY, adopt supportive policies and create income-generating job opportunities for the urban and rural poor. Also, POVERTY reduction should be targeted in provinces with a higher POVERTY GAP index